This work package will be led by David Ogilvie at the MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge. We will select a purposive sample of up to six Connect2 sites (of which two might act as control sites), apply the measurement tools developed in WP2 in a longitudinal cohort (panel) observational study of the local resident population in the vicinity of each site, and compare and interpret the findings drawing on the realist evaluation perspective as outlined under WP2. Further details of how the case study sites will be selected and used are given in the appendix.